obsolete : cognizance
a (1) : the fact or condition of knowing something with familiarity gained through experience or association (2) :acquaintance with or understanding of a science, art, or techniqueb (1) : the fact or condition of being aware of something (2): the range of one's information or understanding <answered to the best of my knowledge>c : the circumstance or condition of apprehending truth or fact through reasoning : cognitiond : the fact or condition of having information or of being learned <a person of unusual knowledge>
Philosophy
a (1) : all learning exclusive of technical precepts and practical arts (2) : the sciences and liberal arts exclusive of medicine, law, and theology <a doctor of philosophy> (3) :the 4-year college course of a major seminaryb (1) archaic : physical science (2) : ethicsc : a discipline comprising as its core logic, aesthetics, ethics, metaphysics, and epistemology
a : pursuit of wisdomb : a search for a general understanding of values and reality by chiefly speculative rather than observational meansc : an analysis of the grounds of and concepts expressing fundamental beliefs
a : a system of philosophical conceptsb : a theory underlying or regarding a sphere of activity or thought <the philosophy of war>
a : the most basic beliefs, concepts, and attitudes of an individual or groupb : calmness of temper and judgment befitting a philosopher
Science
: the state of knowing : knowledge as distinguished from ignorance or misunderstanding
a : a department of systematized knowledge as an object of study <the science of theology>b : something (as a sport or technique) that may be studied or learned like systematized knowledge <have it down to ascience>
a : knowledge or a system of knowledge covering general truths or the operation of general laws especially as obtained and tested through scientific methodb : such knowledge or such a system of knowledge concerned with the physical world and its phenomena :natural science
: a system or method reconciling practical ends with scientific laws <cooking is both a science and an art>
capitalized : christian science
Hermeneutic
plural but sing or plural in constr : the study of the methodological principles of interpretation (as of the Bible)
: a method or principle of interpretation
Method
: a procedure or process for attaining an object: asa (1) : a systematic procedure, technique, or mode of inquiry employed by or proper to a particular discipline or art (2) : a systematic plan followed in presenting material for instructionb (1) : a way, technique, or process of or for doing something (2) : a body of skills or techniques
: a discipline that deals with the principles and techniques of scientific inquiry
a : orderly arrangement, development, or classification : planb : the habitual practice of orderliness and regularitycapitalized : a dramatic technique by which an actor seeks to gain complete identification with the inner personality of the character being portrayed
Methodology
: a body of methods, rules, and postulates employed by a discipline : a particular procedure or set of procedures
: the analysis of the principles or procedures of inquiry in a particular field
Introduction
: something that introduces: asa (1) : a part of a book or treatise preliminary to the main portion (2) : a preliminary treatise or course of studyb : a short introductory musical passage
: the act or process of introducing : the state of beingintroduced
: a putting in : insertion
: something introduced; specifically : a new or exotic plant or animal
Deduction
a : an act of taking away <deduction of legitimate business expenses>b : something that is or may be subtracted <deductions from his taxable income>
a : the deriving of a conclusion by reasoning; specifically :inference in which the conclusion about particulars follows necessarily from general or universal premises — compareinductionb : a conclusion reached by logical deductio
Hypothesis
a : an assumption or concession made for the sake of argumentb : an interpretation of a practical situation or condition taken as the ground for action
: a tentative assumption made in order to draw out and test its logical or empirical consequences
: the antecedent clause of a conditional statement
Theory
: the analysis of a set of facts in their relation to one another
: abstract thought : speculation
: the general or abstract principles of a body of fact, a science, or an art <music theory>
a : a belief, policy, or procedure proposed or followed as the basis of action <her method is based on the theory that all children want to learn>b : an ideal or hypothetical set of facts, principles, or circumstances —often used in the phrase in theory <intheory, we have always advocated freedom for all>
: a plausible or scientifically acceptable general principle or body of principles offered to explain phenomena <the wavetheory of light>
a : a hypothesis assumed for the sake of argument or investigationb : an unproved assumption : conjecturec : a body of theorems presenting a concise systematic view of a subject <theory of equations>
Objective
a : relating to or existing as an object of thought without consideration of independent existence —used chiefly in medieval philosophyb : of, relating to, or being an object, phenomenon, or condition in the realm of sensible experience independent of individual thought and perceptible by all observers : having reality independent of the mind <objective reality> <our reveries…are significantly and repeatedly shaped by our transactions with the objective world — Marvin Reznikoff> — compare subjective 3ac of a symptom of disease : perceptible to persons other than the affected individual — compare subjective 4cd : involving or deriving from sense perception or experience with actual objects, conditions, or phenomena <objectiveawareness> <objective data>
: relating to, characteristic of, or constituting the case of words that follow prepositions or transitive verbs
a : expressing or dealing with facts or conditions as perceived without distortion by personal feelings, prejudices, or interpretations <objective art> <an objective history of the war> <an objective judgment>b of a test : limited to choices of fixed alternatives and reducing subjective factors to a minimum
Subjective
: of, relating to, or constituting a subject: asa obsolete : of, relating to, or characteristic of one that is asubject especially in lack of freedom of action or in submissivenessb : being or relating to a grammatical subject; especially :nominative
: of or relating to the essential being of that which has substance, qualities, attributes, or relations
a : characteristic of or belonging to reality as perceived rather than as independent of mind : phenomenal — compareobjective 1bb : relating to or being experience or knowledge as conditioned by personal mental characteristics or states
a (1) : peculiar to a particular individual : personal<subjective judgments> (2) : modified or affected by personal views, experience, or background <a subjectiveaccount of the incident>b : arising from conditions within the brain or sense organs and not directly caused by external stimuli <subjectivesensations>c : arising out of or identified by means of one's perception of one's own states and processes <a subjective symptom of disease> — compare objective 1c
: lacking in reality or substance : illusory
Art
: skill acquired by experience, study, or observation <the artof making friends>
a : a branch of learning: (1) : one of the humanities (2)plural : liberal artsb archaic : learning, scholarship
: an occupation requiring knowledge or skill <the art of organ building>
a : the conscious use of skill and creative imagination especially in the production of aesthetic objects; also :works so producedb (1) : fine arts (2) : one of the fine arts (3) : a graphic art
a archaic : a skillful planb : the quality or state of being artful
: decorative or illustrative elements in printed matter
Philosophy of Science
is concerned with the assumptions, foundations, methods and implications of science. In addition to these central problems for science as a whole, many philosophers of science consider these problems as they apply to particular sciences.
Empiricism
a : a former school of medical practice founded on experience without the aid of science or theoryb : quackery, charlatanry
a : the practice of relying on observation and experiment especially in the natural sciencesb : a tenet arrived at empirically
: a theory that all knowledge originates in experience
Positivism
a : a theory that theology and metaphysics are earlier imperfect modes of knowledge and that positive knowledge is based on natural phenomena and their properties and relations as verified by the empirical sciencesb : logical positivism
: the quality or state of being positive
Idealism
a (1) : a theory that ultimate reality lies in a realm transcending phenomena (2) : a theory that the essential nature of reality lies in consciousness or reasonb (1) : a theory that only the perceptible is real (2) : a theory that only mental states or entities are knowable
a : the practice of forming ideals or living under their influenceb : something that is idealized
: literary or artistic theory or practice that affirms the preeminent value of imagination as compared with faithful copying of nature — compare realism
Observation
a : an act or instance of observing a custom, rule, or lawb : observance 3
a : an act of recognizing and noting a fact or occurrence often involving measurement with instruments <weatherobservations>b : a record or description so obtained
obsolete : attentive care : heed
: the condition of one that is observed <under observation at the hospital>
Concepts
: an abstract or generic idea generalized from particular instances
Language
a : the words, their pronunciation, and the methods of combining them used and understood by a communityb (1) : audible, articulate, meaningful sound as produced by the action of the vocal organs (2) : a systematic means of communicating ideas or feelings by the use of conventionalized signs, sounds, gestures, or marks having understood meanings (3) : the suggestion by objects, actions, or conditions of associated ideas or feelings<language in their very gesture — Shakespeare> (4) : the means by which animals communicate (5) : a formal system of signs and symbols (as FORTRAN or a calculus in logic) including rules for the formation and transformation of admissible expressions (6) : machine language 1
: the study of language especially as a school subject
: specific words especially in a law or regulation
Semantic
: of or relating to meaning in language
: of or relating to semantics
Semiotic
: a general philosophical theory of signs and symbols that deals especially with their function in both artificially constructed and natural languages and comprises syntactics, semantics, and pragmatics
Pragmatic
: relating to matters of fact or practical affairs often to the exclusion of intellectual or artistic matters : practical as opposed to idealistic <pragmatic men of power have had no time or inclination to deal with…social morality — K. B. Clark>
: relating to or being in accordance with philosophical pragmatism
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